SKINIPEDIA - Skin Obesity Problems: Adiposis Dolorosa
Obesity and Skin Problems: Adiposis Dolorosa (Dercum's Disease)
Traditional management of Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa) has been largely unsatisfactory relying on weight reduction and surgical excision of particularly troublesome lesions. Even at the present time, no known drug can change the course of the disease, and available treatments are only symptomatic.
Nonpharmacological approaches for Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa) may be used as adjuncts to pharmacologic treatments. Some of these include acupuncture, cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnosis, and biofeedback.
The pharmacological treatments include the following:
- Corticosteroids: Prednisone, 20 mg daily, has been reported to provide some pain relief. However, in one case, the induction of disease was associated with high-dose corticosteroids.
- Anesthetics: Intravenous lidocaine, 400 mg over 15 minutes every other day, has been reported to provide pain relief for 10 hours to several months. The exact mechanism of action is uncertain and remains to be elucidated as to whether it is a central effect or due to its effect on blood flow. Long-term intravenous lidocaine therapy has been associated with neurotoxicity.
- Analgesics: Traditional analgesics, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, have a poor effect. The lipomas are unresponsive to analgesics, and paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene are the first choices. Localized pain may sometimes be treated with a cortisone/anesthetic injection, alternatively with sterile water given intracutaneously or more deeply.
- Others medications
- Because of troublesome swelling of the fingers, some patients may require diuretics.
- In 2 reported cases of Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa), interferon (INF) alfa-2b induced long-term relief of pain in 2 patients with adiposis dolorosa and chronic hepatitis C. The analgesic effect of IFN therapy was unexpected and occurred 3 weeks after treatment with 3 million units, 3 times per week, for 6 months. Whether the mechanism of pain relief with IFN is related to its antiviral effect, to the production of endogenous substances (eg, endorphins produced by IFN), or to the interference of INF with interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha cytokine production, which are involved in cutaneous hyperalgesias, remains unclear.
- Two Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa) case reports have described pain relief with daily intake of oral mexiletine, an antiarrhythmic.
- Singal et al reported improvement of a patient's Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa) while on infliximab, with and without methotrexate, for ankylosing spondylitis . The patient experienced recurrent weight gain and lipoma pain with discontinuation of these medications.
- Desai et al reported on treatment with a lidocaine (5%) patch, and Lange et al reported on successful therapy with pregabalin with manual lymphatic drainage.
Surgical Care
- Liposuction
- Liposuction is regarded as a supportive treatment for Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa). Any skeletal pain is not affected. A significant initial reduction of pain and an improved quality of life is seen; these effects decrease over time.
- Liposuction is indicated for patients with general lower-body fat or more localized large deposits of fat at the knees, on the arms, on the thighs, or on the stomach as opposed to those with general diffuse pain. In those patients, liposuction is considered a risky operation, requiring about a week of care in the plastic surgery department.
- Surgical operation: Excision of isolated painful lipomas that are pressing and causing numbness and tingling, while not preventive, is useful in ameliorating local symptoms of pain.
Consultations
- Psychiatrist: Depression and other psychosomatic symptoms are associated with Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa). Many patients find they are misjudged and require psychological support.
- Rheumatologist: A rheumatologic consultation is warranted to rule out osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia.
- Endocrinologist: An endocrinologic etiology, such as hypothyroidism and Cushing syndrome, should be ruled out.
Diet
Experience shows that lasting weight reduction by changing the diet is difficult to achieve and does not appreciably affect the pain.
Activity
Light physical activity may worsen symptoms because of the stiffness experienced after periods of rest and minimal activity. Patients should avoid monotonous, static work and physical and psychological stress.
Medication
Traditional management of Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa) has been largely unsatisfactory relying on weight reduction and surgical excision of particularly troublesome lesions. Even at the present time, no known drug can change the course of the disease, and available treatments are only symptomatic. However, in 2 reported cases, INF alfa-2b induced long-term relief of pain in 2 patients with Dercum disease (adiposis dolorosa) and chronic hepatitis C.
Corticosteroids
These agents have anti-inflammatory properties and cause profound and varied metabolic effects. They modify the body's immune response to diverse stimuli.
Read Sara's Story (a real adiposis dolorosa patient) here
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